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Tuesday, July 30, 2013

End Games: Looking on the Bright Side of Life with the Films of Monty Python


End Games is a feature in which I discuss notable endings in film history. There will be spoilers, obviously.

It is widely known that the most difficult part of sketch comedy is finding a way to finish it. Sketches are all about taking a premise, exploring it for a few minutes, and by that point the fun part is over. Once that’s done, the writers have to find a way out that’s still funny, but such a conclusion usually does not exist. They can go with a final punchline or gag, but more often than not that winds up being more cheesy than satisfying. Watch any collection of Saturday Night Live sketches and you’ll see what I mean. Even the best ones tend to go out on a flat note. That is part of what made Monty Python’s Flying Circus so revolutionary when it started airing in 1969. Their sketches completely did away with the typical structure, and they would regularly flip from bit to bit once they felt an idea had been exhausted. In fact, it wasn’t uncommon for one sketch to interrupt the preceding sketch a couple minutes before it would usually end. When the legendary six-man comedy troupe made the leap to feature films, they found themselves facing the same challenge. Their films essentially amounted to piles of hilarious ideas, but when it came time to find the exit it proved more difficult then they initially expected.

While Monty Python and the Holy Grail is technically the gang’s second feature—their first being the mostly forgotten sketch film And Now For Something Completely Different—it is certainly the first time they had to deal with anything resembling structure. Or at least the general expectations of what a movie is supposed to be. As one might expect, the film's plot just winds up being a clothesline on which they can hang the various mini-sketches, but it turns out co-directors Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones were quite adept at turning this mish-mash into a cohesive whole. Much of that is due to the impressive acting and character work. Graham Chapman’s struggles with alcohol and other such things during his time in Monty Python have been well-documented, but when it came time to start making movies he was able to slip into the leading man role surprisingly well. His King Arthur provides the film a much-needed center of gravity, even when the camera turns to look at the adventures of the supporting knights.

Therefore it’s no surprise that when the film enters into its final few minutes, the focus shifts exclusively to Arthur as he approaches the Castle Aaaaarrrrrrggghhh. Once there, he finds that the fortress is now controlled by a group of insulting Frenchmen who they met earlier in the film. After being refused entry and having a great deal of feces dumped upon his head, Arthur and his right hand man Sir Bedevere go off to plot their revenge. There is a montage of their army gearing up for battle, Arthur gives the French a last warning, and then they charge. Only before they reach the castle, our heroes come up against an unexpected enemy: the budget.

Monty Python and the Holy Grail was made for just under £230,000, which calculates to approximately 1.6 million modern U.S. dollars. That wasn’t much money back then, and it’s certainly almost no money right now. That’s the reason why the characters don’t ride real horses in the movie. It wasn’t pure comedic inspiration. The troupe always planned on having horses, but when they found out the budget would not allow that, they came up with the running coconuts gag. That’s part of what made Monty Python so wonderful; they were brilliant at adapting to difficult situations, and they would often do it in a joyously self-referential manner. Since they couldn’t even afford horses, there was no way they would ever be able to stage an epic battle sequence in front of Castle Aaaaarrrrrrggghhh. Instead, they created a side story in which a knight murders a modern-day historian early on. This triggers a police investigation, and just when the Battle of Aaaaarrrrrrggghhh looks like it’s about to take place, the coppers come in and take our two protagonists into custody. Then the movie ends. There are no credits or title cards. Just lovely, lovely elevator music for five solid minutes.

It’s a very funny ending, if not a particularly graceful one. The good thing about comedies, though, is that the endings don’t need to be graceful, because grace isn’t that funny. As performers, the Pythons were terrific at playing different characters and giving them a (mostly fake) sense of depth, but they never had any real interest in touching audiences on an emotional level. They were only interested in experimenting with comedy and finding unique ways to make people laugh. I’m not sure there’s ever been another comedy troupe that’s been so adept at mixing silliness and intelligence, and that’s part of why they’re still appealing to so many people. Monty Python created comedy that was hilarious to both discerning adults and non-discerning non-adults. For this same reason, Holy Grail is still perhaps the most broadly engaging of their films. One second there will be a small group of peasants arguing with King Arthur about the flaws of the British monarchy, and the next there will be a scene in which various animals are used as projectiles. This sense of brilliant nonsense persists until this abrupt ending, which is both completely absurd and probably the most comically satisfying resolution they could have come up with. As was the case in Flying Circus, they reached a point when they were out of ideas, and just decided to move on to the next thing.


That next thing turned out to be Life of Brian, which is probably the best film Monty Python ever made, empirically speaking. That’s not to suggest it is high art—at one point the eponymous hero finds himself aboard a spaceship piloted by two one-eyed aliens—but it’s the closest they ever came to actually telling a single story and seeing it through to completion. It also happened to be a needlessly controversial story, as many Christian groups objected to the blatantly religious subject matter. Here’s the thing, though: Life of Brian doesn’t necessarily make a mockery of religion, nor does it have a particularly negative view of Christianity or Jesus. Jesus himself only appears early on, and very quickly the camera moves to the very back of the crowd, and this reveals the film’s true intentions. It has no interest in directly engaging Christianity, but instead finding humor in the world around it. The story has nothing to do with Jesus, but instead with a protagonist who is mistakenly seen as the Messiah.

There are plenty of Holy Grail-esque digressions as well, including an early sketch at a stoning and a hilarious scene where Brian gets an unexpected grammar lesson from a guard. But it all leads up to the famous climax, in which Brian is crucified along with a gaggle of other characters. This was always going to be the ending, of course, but while writing Life of Brian the Pythons could not come up with a way to appropriately go to the credits. There are plenty of jokes in the crucifixion scene itself, and they’re mostly good ones, but none of them are good enough to close on. After all, they were essentially ending their movie by leaving the protagonist up on a cross to slowly die a painful death. It’s not exactly laugh riot material, and it seemed like the resolution was inevitably going to wind up feeling flat.

Then came a stroke of genius in the form of Eric Idle’s “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life,” which only further proves the theory that if you don’t know how to end something, just throw in a musical number. Not only did it give Monty Python a way out, but it also leaves the audience on an unexpectedly upbeat note. All things considered, this is a pretty cruel way to end a comedy, but this song completely erases much of the potential misery. (It also makes one forget that this final scene is actually a little bit clunky up until the song begins. Funny, but clunky.) Then, in true Python form, the film ends with a bit of self-referential comedy as Idle acknowledges the start of the credits. With this fantastic three-minute song, Life of Brian went from having no ending whatsoever to one of the most famous endings in comedy history, and its influence is still evident in film today. Earlier this year, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg had the same idea when they concluded This is the End with a rendition of “Everybody (Backstreet’s Back).” When in doubt, go with a song.


Monty Python carried this lesson with them into the production of The Meaning of Life, which concludes with the number “Christmas in Heaven.” It’s not nearly the song “Always Look on the Bright Side of Life” is, and the Pythons almost seem to acknowledge this by cutting it off well before it is through. This is typical of Python, of course, but it does hint at a certain hunger for ideas that permeates every frame of The Meaning of Life. Lacking a compelling story to tell in the vein of Holy Grail or Life of Brian, the troupe decided to throw all that away and make their second sketch film. It may revolve a broad universal theme—life, death, etc.—but it’s more or less a barely-connected sequence of scenes in the vein of their original television series. Inevitably, the end result was an uneven film that still somehow managed to win the Grand Prix at Cannes.

That’s not to say it isn’t worthy of praise, as The Meaning of Life has some of my favorite sequences and sketches the group has ever done. (If you think I conceived this post just to watch “Every Sperm is Sacred” a few million times, you’re absolutely right.) As a whole, it’s much less successful, and that’s more a product of the format and where Monty Python was at the time of production. Most documentaries and interviews with the group since The Meaning of Life has revealed that its production was more a result of their desire to just make one more movie and go on with their lives. The process was a tad forced, and some segments show it.


This is doubly true of the ending, which is hardly the most inspired climax that Monty Python ever came up with. “Christmas in Heaven” is followed by a brief coda in which a cross-dressing Michael Palin babbles on about nothing in particular for a couple minutes before the credits start. It’s mildly amusing, but like most everything else in The Meaning of Life it doesn’t quite cohere with anything around it. There’s a great mini-feature to be made from this film, but as a 90-minute whole it just can’t quite sustain itself. By the time it gets to the ending, you can tell that the Pythons are just as done with it all as the audience. The peculiar endings for Holy Grail and Life of Brian feel like they came from an abundance of creativity and ideas. When The Meaning of Life ends, it seems as if it’s all run out of steam. Even genius has its limits.

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